Physical Therapy is a direct form of professional patient care that can be applied in most disciplines of medicine. It provides a hands-on component which can partner with physicians who have medical expertise in neurology, neurosurgery, orthopedics, general surgery, family practice, pediatrics, geriatrics, rheumatology, internal medicine, urology, cardiovascular medicine, cardiopulmonary medicine, psychiatry, and sports medicine. The objectives of physical therapy are: Prevention of disability and pain Restoration of function and relief from pain Promotion of healing Adaptation to permanent disability Physical therapy is a vital part of the total care for patients who have problems of temporary or permanent disability. A medical referral is often made post-operatively, following stroke, upon recognition of birth defects, and following injury or illness. The physical therapist selects appropriate tests to evaluate and quantitatively measure the patient's problem. Then, in consultation with the referring physician, an appropriate rehabilitation plan is developed. The physical therapist uses numerous modalities and procedures to expedite healing, and instructs the patient in a home program. There may be follow-up visits for re-evaluation and update of the home exercise program. Physical Therapy's ultimate goal is for the patient to achieve freedom from pain, independent living, and understanding of how to prevent re-injury.